1. will have no effect on outcome.
2. emphasizes blood pressure reduction using ACEIs and ARBs.
3. includes prophylactic weekly hemodialysis.
4. requires intravenous administration of high dose steroids.

2.  Reduced GFR is NOT associated with:

1. increased levels of A1C
2. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory use
3. hyperthyroidism
4. macroalbuminuria and retinopathy

3.  True or False: The presence of diabetes is associated with a risk of developing CKD; and the presence of CKD is associated with a risk of developing diabetes.

1. True
2. False

4.   A large scale analysis of data from the PROactive study of type 2 diabetic patients with abnormal GFR and evidence of macrovascular disease demonstrated:

1. an increased risk of MI and stroke for the study group
2. this population of patients may benefit from treatment with pioglitazone
3. more than half of treating physicians did not give appropriate consideration to renal insufficiency in their patients
4.  ‘a’ and ‘b’ only
5.  all of the above

5. Among Type 1 diabetics, early decline in renal function may be best measured by:

1. cystatin C
2. serum creatinine
3. Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula
4. MDRD formula

6. According to the new draft FDA guidelines on the development of therapies for treating type 1 and type 2 diabetes (and for their prevention), drug approval is likely to be contingent on documented improvement in:

1. hemoglobin A1c
2. insulin sensitivity
3. glycemic benefit
4. morbidity and mortality

7. Progression of kidney disease in diabetic patients can be reduced by:

1. increasing renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity
2. administration of statins
3. decreasing production of endothelial progenitor cells
4. ‘a’ and ‘c’
5. all of the above

8.  True or False: Analysis of research data demonstrate a strong correlation between race and ethnicity and progression to nephropathy for patients with proteinuria or albuminuria.

1. True
2. False